ASTM D7032 28 MPa Te Whakapūngao i runga i ngā Papa Kaukau Arumoni: Ngā Mea e Arotakehia ana e ngā Tohutohu

1. He aha te ASTM D7032 te Paerewa Gatekeeper mō te Papa Kaukau Tauhokohoko

ASTM D7032, i whakaputaina e ASTM International, te paearu matua mō te hoko WPC o Amerika Te Raki me te ao whānui. I whakawhanakehia te paerewa nā te tere o te tipu o ngā papa hiato i ngā tau tōmua o te tau 2000 i hanga he kore kounga: ki te kore he whakaritenga kotahi, kāore he huarahi pono a ngā whakaritenga ki te whakataurite i ngā hua mai i ngā kaihanga rerekē. I whakakīia taua āputa e ASTM D7032 mā te tautuhi i ngā whakatauranga mahi iti rawa mō te kaha piko, te kume i te whakapiri, te ātete ngoki, te pumau UV, te mimiti makuku, me te pumau ā-ahu.

Mō ngā papa kaukau arumoni, he nui ake ngā tūponotanga i ngā tono kāinga. Tērā pea ka kite te papa kaukau tūmatanui i roto i te hōtēra, i te wāhi hararei rānei i te 500 ki te 2,000 tāngata ia rā i te wā tino pukumahi. Ko ngā tūru, ngā tūru moe, ngā taputapu wira, me te pānga o ngā matū mai i ngā rohe waikura, wai tote rānei, ka utaina he taumahatanga me he taumahatanga e kore e pā ki te papa kāinga. Nō reira, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te ASTM D7032 hei tātari i mua i te tohu: ki te kore e taea e te hua te whakaatu i te tutuki, ka tangohia mai i te tono i mua i te tīmatanga o tētahi whiriwhiringa utu. Koia te take e whakamahia ai e ia mea nui. Kaihanga Wpc te whakaputa i ngā raraunga whakamātautau D7032, me te takeĀe kua wātea mai ngā pūrongo whakamātautau SGS a te hunga tuatoru mō ia puranga whakaputa mai i tōna whakatūnga i Ningbo i te tau 2010.

He mea tino nui te paepae kaha piko 28 MPa kua tohua i roto i te D7032 mō ngā papa kaukau. Ko te kaha piko—te kaha o te papa ki te ātete i te piko i raro i te kawenga—e whakatau tika ana i te tawhiti ka taea te wehe i ngā kurupae, te nui o te taumaha kukū ka taea e te papa te pikau, me te mea ka puta he āhua rerekē tuturu o ngā papa i roto i te wā. Mā te kaiwhakatakoto e aromatawai ana i te ota papa kaukau 1,000 mita tapawha ka whakataurite i ia hua kaitono ki tēnei tau tuatahi, nā te mea ka herea ia tātaitanga hangarau o raro. Ka taea te tohu me te māia i ngā hua e tutuki ana, e neke atu rānei i te 28 MPa i ngā pokapū kurupae paerewa 400 mm; ko ngā mea e kore e tutuki me tata ake te tawhiti o ngā kurupae me te utu hanganga raro teitei ake.

2. Te Mārama ki te Whakaritenga Kaha Piko 28 MPa

Ko te kaha piko, e kiia ana ko te modulus of rupture (MOR), e ine ana i te ahotea nui rawa atu ka taea e te papa WPC te tu atu i mua i te pakaru i roto i te whakamātautau piko. Ngā tohutoro ASTM D7032 ASTM D790 hei tikanga tukanga. I roto i te mahi, ka whakatakotoria he tauira o te papa papa ki runga i ngā tautoko e rua, ā, ka tukuna he kawenga ki waenganui kia pakaru ra ano te tauira. Ko te uara ahotea ka puta mai, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā megapascals (MPa), ko te kaha piko o te hua.

Ko te iti rawa 28 MPa i roto i te ASTM D7032 e whakaata ana i te kaha kawe kawenga iti rawa e hiahiatia ana e te papa papa hei tautoko haumaru i te taumaha whakakotahi o te haereere o te waewae, ngā taonga, me ngā taputapu tiaki i ētahi wā i te mokowā paerewa. Mō ngā tono puna kaukau arumoni, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia e ngā tohu he tawhā haumaru, me te tono 30 MPa, neke atu rānei hei whakaaro mō ngā kawenga hihiri mai i ngā mano me ngā taputapu puna kaukau i runga i ngā wira. Ko te kōtaha papa tawhito YD150RH30 a Ydwpc e whakamātautau tonu ana i runga ake i te 28 MPa i roto i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga kua whakamanahia e te SGS, ko te kōtaha whakakotahi YD140RH23, me tōna paparanga taupoki polymer matotoru, e tuku ana i te mahi piko i te pito o runga o te awhe WPC.

Mō te tono a te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro i te 1,000 mita tapawha o te papa kaukau, ka ārahi anō hoki te kaha piko i te ōhanga o te tawhiti o ngā hononga. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he tawhiti o ngā hononga pokapū 350 mm i raro i ngā āhuatanga uta arumoni mō te papa kua whakatauria i te 28 MPa, engari ko te whakamātautau papa i te 32 MPa ka taea te tohu i te 400 mm. Mō te neke atu i te 1,000 mita tapawha, ko taua rerekētanga 50 mm ka puta he whakaiti ine i roto i ngā rauemi hononga me te mahi tāutanga. Koia te take e whakataurite ai ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro mohio i ngā uara whakamātautau tuturu me te whakauru i roto i te tauira kaupapa katoa. Ka whakaratohia e Ydwpc ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau piko katoa me ia uta hei tautoko i tēnei tātaritanga.

3. Te Hurihanga Ngoki: He aha te Hiranga o te Mahi Utaina Mo Te Wā Roa i ngā Papa Kaukau

Ahakoa te kaha piko e whakaatu ana i te nui o te kawenga ka taea e te papa te tu atu i te wā e pakaru ana, ko te piko ngoki e whakaatu ana i ngā mea ka puta i raro i ngā kawenga pumau i roto i ngā marama me ngā tau. Kei roto i te ASTM D7032 ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau ngoki nā te mea he viscoelastic ngā rauemi WPC: ka pōturi, ka piki haere te pirau i raro i te ahotea tonu. I runga i te papa kaukau arumoni, ko tēnei ahotea pumau ka puta mai i ngā taputapu pumau—ngā pouaka whakato, ngā reera, ngā nohoanga pumau, ngā whare taputapu kaukau—me te nui o te haere o ngā waewae i ngā hāora mahi.

Mā te whakamātautau ngoki D7032 ka tukuna he kawenga pumau ki tētahi tauira papa mō tētahi wā kua tautuhia i te pāmahana me te haumākū e whakahaeretia ana. Ko te piko mōrahi e whakaaetia ana ka tohua e pā ana ki te whānuitanga o te papa, ā, ki te nui atu i tēnei rohe ka kore te hua e eke ki te paearu ngoki. Mō ngā papa kaukau arumoni, ka whakanuia te taiao ngoki e te haumākū me te pāmahana teitei tonu e rite ana ki ngā whakaurunga wai. Ka pāngia tētahi papa kaukau i Dubai, i Singapore rānei e ngā pāmahana taiao neke atu i te 35 nekehanga Celsius mō te nuinga o te tau, ka tere ake te rere viscoelastic i roto i ngā matrices WPC.

Ka aro atu a Ydwpc ki te mahi ngoki mā te whakahaere whakatakotoranga. Ko te ihirangi muka rakau, te karaehe polymer, ngā kaihoko hononga, me ngā tawhā tukatuka kua arotauhia katoatia hei whakaiti i te piko roa. Ka whai hua te tauira whakakotahi-ā-YD140RH23 mai i tana anga polymer tiaki, e tohatoha ana i ngā kawenga mata kia ōrite ake puta noa i te wāhanga whakawhiti o te papa, ka whakaiti i te kukū ahotea i te wā e tīmata ai te ngoki. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te tono tiwhikete whakamātautau ngoki e whakaatu ana i te piko i roto i ngā rohe D7032, ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei. He mea nui ēnei raraunga mō ngā kaihoahoa e hoahoa ana i ngā papa kaukau i ngā āhuarangi toropika kei reira kōwhiringa rauemi papa he mea nui mō te mahi roa o te whare.

4. Te Tōia o te Maukati me te Pūmautanga Hononga Hanganga

Ko te pono o te papa papa he rite tonu ki te hononga e pupuri ana i a ia ki te hanganga o raro. Ka arohia tēnei āhuatanga e te ASTM D7032 mā te whakamātautau kukume whakapiri, e ine ana i te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei tango i te tīwiri, i te whakapiri rānei mai i te papa i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Mō ngā papa kaukau arumoni, ko te ātete kukume whakapiri he tawhā haumaru nui: ka puta he tūponotanga hinga i ngā papa wetekina, ā, i roto i te taiao kaukau mākū, ka nui te tūponotanga o te hinganga. Nō reira, ka whakaarohia e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te uara kukume whakapiri D7032 hei tirotiro tirotiro ā-ture.

Ko te tukanga whakamātautau ko te wero i ngā tīwiri paerewa ki roto i te papa i ngā wāhi kua tohua, me te whakamahi i te kaha kume poutū ki te mata o te papa tae noa ki te wa e kumea ai te whakapiri. Ko te kaha kume iti rawa i roto i te D7032 ka whakatauritea ki te matotoru me te matotoru o te papa, e whakaata ana i ngā kawenga e tumanakohia ana mai i te haere o te waewae, te pikinga o te hau, me te huringa whānui wera. Ko te papa he iti te matotoru, he koretake rānei te tohatoha muka, ka whakaatu i te korenga o te pupuri whakapiri, ka arahi ki te nekehanga me te pakaru o te whakapiri i raro i ngā huringa makuku me te whakamaroke e rite ana ki ngā taiao puna kaukau.

Mā te tukanga hanga a Ydwpc ka whakarite kia rite te matotoru puta noa i te wāhanga whakawhiti o te papa, koinei te mea matua e whakatau ana i te kaha o te kume i te whakapiripiri. Ko te kōtaha tawhito YD150RH30, me tōna teitei papa 30 mm, e whakarato ana i te hohonutanga rauemi mō te whakauru i te tīwiri, ko te tauira whakakotahi-whakaputa YD140RH23 e whai hua ana mai i te paparanga taupoki matotoru e ātete ana ki te kume i te mata. Ka whakamatautauria ngā hua e rua mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha whakapiripiri topenga huna me ngā tīwiri kowiri tira e tohua ana mō ngā whakaurunga puna kaukau arumoni. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatau e tono ana i te 1,000 mita tapawha te tono raraunga whakamātautau kume whakapiripiri hei wāhanga o te mōkihi tohu-mua a Ydwpc, me ngā wātaka whakapiripiri kua tūtohutia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga rohe hau ā-rohe.

5. Te Ātete ki te Makuku me te Whakamārama Matū i roto i ngā Taiao Kaukau

He huinga motuhake o ngā wero makuku kei ngā papa kaukau arumoni, he nui ake i ērā atu whakamahinga papa o waho. Ka pāngia ngā papa e te wai pītiti tonu, te haumākū nui o te taiao, te wai tū, me ngā matū horoi tae atu ki te chlorine, te bromine, me ngā algaecides. Kei roto i te ASTM D7032 te whakamātautau mimiti makuku me te whakamātautau pupuhi matotoru hei ine i te urupare a te papa WPC ki ēnei āhuatanga. E tohu ana te paerewa i te whakamātautau ruku i reira ka rumakina ngā tauira papa mō tētahi wā kua tautuhia, ā, ka inehia te pikinga taumaha me te huringa rahinga ki ngā rohe mōrahi e whakaaetia ana.

Mō ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro e aromatawai ana i tētahi ota papa kaukau 1,000 mita tapawha, ko ngā raraunga ātete makuku he mea tino rerekē i waenga i ngā raina hua. Ko ngā kōtaha WPC tawhito pērā i te YD150RH30 he mata hiato muka rakau e kitea ana e mimiti ana i te makuku i te tere teitei ake i ngā kōtaha i whakaputahia tahitia. Ahakoa e tutuki ana te YD150RH30 i ngā here mimiti makuku ASTM D7032—ā, he pai te mahi i roto i ngā tono kāinga me ngā tono arumoni māmā—ka tukuna e te tauira whakaputa-tahi YD140RH23 he painga ine i roto i ngā taiao kaukau. Ka hangaia e te anga polymer i whakaputahia tahitia i runga i te YD140RH23 he ārai ā-tinana e whakaiti nui ana i te urunga o te wai ki roto i te matua o te papa, ka hua ake he mimiti makuku iti ake, he iti ake te pupuhi matotoru, me te pumau āhua pai ake i roto i te roanga o te wā mahi o te tāutanga.

Ko te ātete matū he tūemi arotake tāpiri mō ngā tohu papa kaukau. Ka taea e te wai chlorine, te wai tote i roto i ngā whare takutai, me ngā kaihoko horoi e whakamahia ana i roto i te tiaki kaukau arumoni te whakangaro i ngā mata polymer i roto i te wā. Ka hangaia e Ydwpc āna matū papa me ngā tāpiringa ātete-matū e tutuki ana i ngā tumanakohanga pakari kua whakauruhia ki roto i te ASTM D7032. Mō ngā kaupapa i ngā rohe takutai, i ngā whare rānei e whakamahi ana i te chlorine tote moana, ko te YD140RH23 i whakaputa tahitia te tohu e taunakitia ana, nā te mea ka ātete tōna mata hiri ki te hanganga tioata tote me te urunga o te katote chloride. He rite tēnei ki te aratohu mai i te Kaupapa Kaukau Hauora a te CDC mō te pupuri i te hanganga haumaru, pakari hoki o ngā puna kaukau.

6. Ātete Paheke: Whakamātautau Tauwehenga Waku mō ngā Papa Kaukau Mākū

Ko te ātete paheke te tawhā haumaru tino nui mō tētahi papa kaukau arumoni, ā, koinei tētahi o ngā tūemi tuatahi ka arotakehia e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ina aromatawaihia ngā hua WPC. Ahakoa e aro ana a ASTM D7032 ki te ātete paheke hei wāhanga o ana paearu mahi, he maha ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro e tohutoro ana ki ngā paerewa tāpiri pēnei i te ASTM C1028 me ngā Aratohu Whakauru mō te Ture Hauātanga o Amerika (ADAAG), e tohu ana i ngā uara tauwehenga waku iti rawa mō ngā huarahi urunga. E taunaki ana te ADAAG i te tauwehenga waku pumau o te 0.6 mō ngā mata papatahi me te 0.8 mō ngā arawhata, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana ēnei uara ki ngā mata papa kaukau arumoni ahakoa te mana whakahaere.

Ka tutuki i te papa WPC te ātete paheke mā te kakano o te mata—ko te tauira i whakairohia, i whakakōpikopikohia rānei ki te mata o te papa i te wā e hangaia ana. Kei te YD150RH30 me te YD140RH23 mai i Ydwpc he mata kakano-rakau i hangaia hei pupuri i te piri ina mākū. He painga anō tō te YD140RH23 i whakaputahia tahitia: ko tōna paparanga taupoki he mea hanga ki ngā tāpiringa ārai-paheke kua whakauruhia ki roto i te matrix polymer, e whakarato ana i ngā uara tauwehenga waku rite tonu ahakoa ngā tau o te haereere me te whakaaturanga matū ka taea te whakangawari i te kakano o te mata o ngā kōtaha tawhito. Mō te papa kaukau arumoni 1,000 mita tapawha, he mea nui tēnei pumau mō te wā roa, nā te mea ko te papa e paahitia ana te whakamātautau paheke i te wā hou engari ka pahekeheke i muri i ngā raumati e rua o te whakamahinga ka puta he raruraru haumaru me te nama tonu.

Me tono ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro mō ngā raraunga whakamātautau tauwehenga waku (COF) āhua mākū mai i tētahi kaihanga WPC e whakaarohia ana. Ka whakaratohia e Ydwpc ēnei raraunga hei wāhanga o tana kete whakaritenga paerewa D7032, kua whakamatautauria i ngā taiwhanga motuhake hei whakakore i ngā taupatupatu pānga. Ko te kawa whakamātautau ko te ine i te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei tīmata i te reti o te waewae whakamātautau rapa paerewa puta noa i te mata o te papa mākū, ā, ka tukuna ngā hua hei tauwehenga kore-ahu. Ka tutuki tonu i ngā kōtaha taumata-puna a Ydwpc ngā uara COF mākū ki runga ake i te iti rawa ADAAG, ka hoatu ki ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te whakapono ka noho haumaru te mata o te papa i raro i ngā āhuatanga mākū kino rawa atu ka taea e te taiao puna arumoni te whakaputa. Ka tautokohia e ēnei raraunga ngā herenga tiaki-ā-ringa a te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro, ā, ka whakangāwari i te tukanga whakaae me ngā āpiha hanga me ngā kaituhi inihua.

7. Te Pūmautanga o te UV me te Pupuri Tae i te Roa o te Ora Ratonga

Ko ngā papa kaukau arumoni ka tāutahia ki ngā taiao tuwhera me te nui o te pānga o te rā. Ko te hihi UV mai i te rā te tino take o te memeha o te tae, te kirikiri o te mata, me te pakaru o te polymer i roto i ngā rauemi papa WPC. Ka aro te ASTM D7032 ki te pumau o te UV mā roto i ngā whakamātautau huarere e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira papa ki te tere o te pānga o te UV mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu huarere xenon-arc, fluorescent UV rānei, e whakatauira ana i ngā tau o te pānga o te rā i roto i te wā kua kōpeketia. Ka ine te paerewa i te huringa tae (delta E) me te pirau o te mata i muri i ngā wā pānga kua tautuhia, ā, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakatakoto i ēnei uara hei matapae i te pupuri āhua mō te wā roa.

Mō te papa kaukau arumoni, he pānga ataahua, he pānga mahi hoki te pumau o te tae. Mō te ataahua, ka haumi ngā hōtēra me ngā wāhi hararei ki tētahi reo hoahoa motuhake, ā, ko te papa e memeha haere ana i roto i ngā tau e rua ki te toru ka whakararu i te tuakiri tirohanga o te whare. Mō te mahi, ka ngoikore te hanganga polymer i te mata o te papa nā te ngoikore o te UV, ka whakaiti i te kaha piko me te ātete paheke i te roanga o te wā—ka memeha haere ngā āhuatanga i arotakehia e te kaiwhakatakoto i raro i te D7032 i te wā i hokona ai. Koia te take ehara te whakamātautau pumau UV i te mea hei tirotiro ataahua anake engari he paearu pakari hanganga.

Kei roto i te Ydwpc ngā kete whakapūmau UV mahi-teitei i roto i ana raina hua tawhito me te whakaputa-tahi. Ka whakamahia e te kōtaha tawhito YD150RH30 he ranunga o ngā whakapūmau mārama amine ārai (HALS) me ngā mimiti UV kua tohatohahia puta noa i te papatipu papa, e whakarato ana i te tiaki UV taketake. Ka whakawhānui ake te tauira whakaputa-tahi YD140RH23 i tēnei: ​​kua hangaia te paparanga taupoki polymer me te pūnaha whakapūmau UV kukū e tiaki ana i te rauemi matua o raro, ka whakanekehia te ātete UV ki te whakataurite ki ngā kōtaha tawhito. He rite tonu tēnei huarahi paparanga-taupoki ki te pēhea hangarau paparanga whakakotahi Kua whanake haere puta noa i te umanga, me te whakakotahitanga e tohu ana i te āhua o nāianei. Mō ngā tauira e tono ana i te 1,000 mita tapawha o te papa kaukau, ko te YD140RH23 te whiringa e taunakitia ana ina hiahiatia te pupuri tae mō te 15 ki te 25 tau te roa o te ora ratonga, ko te YD150RH30 ia he huarahi utu-pai ina whakaaetia te memeha ngawari, ina rānei he atarangi wāhanga te papa.

8. Te Whakaputa-tahi me te WPC Matarohia: Te Whakataurite Taha-ki-Taha a te Kaiwhakatakoto

Ina whakawhāitihia e te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro he ota papa kaukau arumoni 1,000 mita tapawha ki ngā hua e rua kua tohua mai i te kaihanga kotahi, ko te kōwhiringa ko te hanganga tawhito me te hanganga whakakotahi. Kei a Ydwpc ngā mea e rua i roto i tana rarangi pukapuka: ko te YD150RH30 te tohu o te hanganga WPC tawhito, ko te YD140RH23 te whiringa whakakotahi (kua taupokina). He mea nui te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga o te hanga, te mahi, me te utu hei whakatau i te whakaritenga tika mō tētahi kaupapa papa kaukau.

Ko te papa WPC tawhito pērā i te YD150RH30 ka hangaia mā te tukanga whakaputa kotahi e whakaranua ai te muka rakau, te kapia polymer, ngā kaihoko hononga, ngā tae, me ngā whakau, ā, ka whakaputahia mā te mata i roto i te kotahi haerenga. He rite te wāhanga whakawhiti o te papa hua me te hanganga rauemi ōrite mai i te mata ki te uho. Kua whakamātauhia tēnei hanganga mō ngā tau rua tekau o te whakamahinga arumoni, ā, he whiringa pono, he whai hua hoki mō ngā tono maha. Ka tutuki i te YD150RH30 ngā whakaritenga katoa a te ASTM D7032, tae atu ki te paepae kaha piko 28 MPa, ā, ko tōna whānui 150 mm me te teitei 30 mm e whakarato ana i te kaha hanganga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā whānuitanga papa kaukau arumoni paerewa.

Ka tāpirihia e te paparanga whakakotahi-whakaputa pērā i te YD140RH23 tētahi atu taahiraa whakakotahi-whakaputa: ka herea he anga polymer tiaki (paparanga taupoki) ki te matua WPC i te wā o te tukanga whakakotahi-whakaputa. I hangaia tēnei paparanga taupoki kia pai ake te ātete UV, te ātete makuku, te ātete rakuraku, me te pumau tae. Ko te hua he papa e pai ake ana i te WPC tawhito i runga i te nuinga o ngā inenga roa, ahakoa he nui ake te utu mō ia mita tapawhā. Mō ngā papa kaukau arumoni, ko te painga whakakotahi-whakaputa te mea tino kitea i roto i te mimiti makuku, te pupuri tae UV, me te ātete paheke mō te wā roa. Kei te ripanga i raro nei ngā rerekētanga matua:

Mō tētahi kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro e tuku ana i tētahi ota 1,000 mita tapawha, he māmā noa te whakatau: mēnā kei roto te papa kaukau i tētahi taiao UV-teitei, haumākū-nui, he nui te haereere me te wai tote, te maimoatanga matū kaha rānei, ko te kōtaha YD140RH23 co-extrusion te kōwhiringa hangarau pai rawa atu. Mēnā he iti te tahua o te kaupapa, he atarangi te papa, he ngawari rānei te maimoatanga wai o te whare, ka tukuna e te kōtaha YD150RH30 classic te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ASTM D7032 kua whakamātauhia i te utu iti iho. Ka taea e te tīma kaweake a Ydwpc te whakarato i ngā papa tauira o ngā kōtaha e rua hei aromatawai i te mara, me ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau D7032 katoa me ngā aratohu tāutanga, e āhei ai te kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro ki te whakatau i mua i te whakaae ki tētahi ota nui.